Therapeutic Approaches
Therapeutic Approaches with Refugees & Asylum Seekers
This page
provides evidence-based research that utilised a variety of therapeutic models including
Cognitive-Behavioural, Culturally-Sensitive, EMDR, Narrative, Psychodynamic,
Systemic Family, Creative Arts therapies, etc., to treat refugee and asylum
seeking population.
We would like to express our deepest
appreciation to researchers, mental health experts and practitioners whose work has been
cited below, enriching our portal and practice of professionals working with refugees and asylum
seekers.
Papers
below have been researched and compiled by Dr Farkhondeh Farsimadan, a Chartered
Counselling Psychologist who is an Associate Fellow of the British
Psychological Society and an HCPC registered psychologist.
Please use
links below to access the research papers. For some papers multiple available
links are provided as some links may eventually stop working.
- Askovic, M. et al. (2020). Evaluation of neurofeedback for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder related to refugee experiences using self-report and cognitive ERP measures. Clinical EEG Neuroscience, 51,2,79-86. DOI: 10.1177/1550059419849170
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31132893/
- Askovic, M., Watters, A.J., Aroche, J., & Harris, A.W.F. (2017). Neurofeedback as an adjunct therapy for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder related to refugee trauma and torture experiences: two case studies. Australasian Psychiatry, 25,4,358-363.doi: 10.1177/1039856217715988
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28699778
- Bogner, D., Herlihy, J., & Brewin, C. (2007). Impact of sexual violence on disclosure during Home Office interviews. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 75 – 81. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030262.
http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/191/1/75
- Bhui, K. (2018). Cultural neuroscience: ideas worth knowing. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72, sup1, S5-S8. DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1525647
https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2018.1525647
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08039488.2018.1525647
- Brewin, C. (2011). The Nature and Significance of Memory Disturbance in Post traumatic Stress Disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 203 – 227.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219190
- Bryant, R. (2015). The effects of refugee experience on the brain.NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
https://www.startts.org.au/media/Professor-Richard-Bryant_STARTTS-Research-Symposium-2015.pdf
- Buchmuller, T. et al. (2020). Exploring hair steroid concentrations in asylum seekers, internally displaced refugees, and immigrants. Stress, 23,5, 538-545. DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1737008
https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2020.1737008
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32116089/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10253890.2020.1737008?journalCode=ists20
- Clark, R. (2017). Impact of trauma on childhood development: implications for the education and social prowess of refugee children. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/PP-Slides_STARTTS-Clinical-Evening_Child-Educational-Competencies_Prof-Richard-Clark_14-March2017.pdf
- Doherty, S.M., Craig, R., Gardani, M., & Mcmillan, T. M. (2016). Head injury in asylum seekers and refugees referred with psychological trauma. Global Mental Health, 3.doi:10.1017/gmh.2016.23
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309080993_Head_injury_in_asylum_seekers_and_refugees_referred_with_psychological_trauma
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-mental-health/article/head-injury-in-asylum-seekers-and-refugees-referred-with-psychological-trauma/4E6FA5E31EEAC5A4A4AF9884E4CF72B4
https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2016.23
- Graham, B., Herlihy, J., & Brewin, C. (2014). Over-general memory in asylum seekers and refugees. Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 45,375-380.
http://csel.org.uk/assets/images/resources/graham-herlihy-brewin-2014-jbtep/graham-herlihy-brewin-overgeneral-memory.pdf
- Halpern, N. (2016). “Come into my Parlour” said the spider to the fly: Complex trauma and betrayal. Refugee trauma and dissociation: reintegrating lost parts of the being. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/STARTTS-Clin-Ev-Presentation_Naomi-Halpern_30May2016.pdf
- Herlihy, J., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2002). Discrepancies in autobiographical memories - implications for the assessment of asylum seekers: Repeated interviews study. British Medical Journal, 324.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7333.324
https://www.bmj.com/content/324/7333/324
- Herlihy, J. & Turner, S. (2007). Memory and seeking asylum. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 9,3, 267-276.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642530701496872
- Herlihy, J. & Turner, S. (2007). Asylum claims and memory of trauma: sharing our knowledge. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 1, 3-4. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034439.
http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/191/1/3
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BDBD0282E250630BAA81C03D330AA141/S0007125000172770a.pdf/asylum_claims_and_memory_of_trauma_sharing_our_knowledge.pdf
- Hinton, D. E., Hofmann, S. G., Pollack, M. H., & Otto, M. W. (2009). Mechanisms of efficacy of CBT for Cambodian refugees with PTSD: Improvement in emotion regulation and orthostatic blood pressure response. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 15, 255–263. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949. 2009.00100.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00100.x/full
- Liddell, B. (2017). How Culture Shapes the Brain: Implications for Neural Mechanisms Underlying PTSD in Refugees. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/STARTTS-Clinical-Master-Class_Cultural-Variations-PTSD-Neuroscience_Dr-Belinda-Liddell_2Aug2017.pdf
- Liddle, B. (2016). latest on neuroscience and trauma. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.https://www.startts.org.au/media/Slides_STARTTS-Research-Symposium-Nov-2016_Dr-Belinda-Liddell.pdf
- Lies, J. et al. (2019). Prevalence of sleep disturbance and its relationships with mental health and psychosocial issues in refugees and asylum seekers attending psychological services in Australia. Sleep Health, 5,4, 335-343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.002
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31320291/
- Matosin, N. (2019). Trauma-related genetic, epigenetic and molecular factors contributing to mental illness – what do we know? NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
https://www.startts.org.au/media/Slides_Dr-Natalie-Matosin_STARTTS-Research-Symposium_6Nov2019.pdf
- McPherson, J.I. (2019). Traumatic brain injury among refugees and asylum seekers. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41,10, 1238-1242. DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1422038
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1422038
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09638288.2017.1422038
- Mewes, R. et al. (2017). Elevated hair cortisol concentrations in recently fled asylum seekers in comparison to permanently settled immigrants and non-immigrants. Translational Psychiatry, 7,7,3, e1051. DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.14.
https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201714
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28267148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5416663/ - Mollica, R.F., Lyoo, I.K., Chernoff, M.C., Bui, H.X., Lavelle, J., Yoon, S.J., Kim, J.E., & Renshaw, P.F. (2009). Brain structural abnormalities and mental health sequelae in South Vietnamese ex-political detainees who survived traumatic head injury and torture. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66,1221-1232. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.127
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/210410
- Murdoch, S. (2017). Impact of trauma on the developing brain. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/PP-Slides_STARTTS-Clinical-Evening_Child-Educational-Competencies_Sejla-Murdoch_14-March2017.pdf
- Ponsford, J. et al. (2020). The impact of cultural background on outcome following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 30,1, 85-100. DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1453367
https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2018.1453367
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09602011.2018.1453367?src=recsys
- Pordily, S. (2017). Who am I? A journey of self- discovery through the lenses of culture. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/STARTTS-Clinical-Master-Class_Cultural-Variations-PTSD-Neuroscience_Shaheen-Pordily_2Aug2017.pdf
- Richter, K. et al. (2020). Sleep disorders in migrants and refugees: a systematic review with implications for personalised medical approach. EPMA Journal, 11,2, 251-260. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00205-2.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32549917/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13167-020-00205-2#citeas
- Alatiq, Y., & Alrshoud, H. (2018). Family-based cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder with family accommodation: case report from Saudi Arabia. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 11, E14. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X1800017X.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X1800017X
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/familybased-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-obsessivecompulsive-disorder-with-family-accommodation-case-report-from-saudi-arabia/93CF2ECF70F197D1201C681AB7387C65
- Algahtani, H. et al. (2019). Cultural adaptation of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for patients with depression and anxiety in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain: a qualitative study exploring views of patients, carers, and mental health professionals. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E44. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X1900028X.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X1900028X
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/cultural-adaptation-of-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt-for-patients-with-depression-and-anxiety-in-saudi-arabia-and-bahrain-a-qualitative-study-exploring-views-of-patients-carers-and-mental-health-professionals/9A3F03C81FB18060A94237709D06D4D1
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Bahu, M. (2019). War, trauma and culture: working with Tamil refugees and asylum seekers using culturally adapted CBT. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E46. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X1900031X.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X1900031X
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/war-trauma-and-culture-working-with-tamil-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-using-culturally-adapted-cbt/BD16CE629AAF2E61AF138C712AB290C7
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Beck, A. (2019). Understanding Black and Minority Ethnic
service user's experience of racism as part of the assessment, formulation and
treatment of mental health problems in cognitive behaviour therapy. The Cognitive
Behaviour Therapist, 12, E8. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X18000223
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000223
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/understanding-black-and-minority-ethnic-service-users-experience-of-racism-as-part-of-the-assessment-formulation-and-treatment-of-mental-health-problems-in-cognitive-behaviour-therapy/C3C7754B1C34A0FC12B9B450EB871C2B
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Berry, K. et al. (2018). Culturally
adapted Family Intervention (CaFI): case examples from therapists’
perspectives. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 11, E13. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X18000156
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000156
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/culturally-adapted-family-intervention-cafi-case-examples-from-therapists-perspectives/AD3F5F5D0F344AE7761655EBE729A585
- Brooks, M. (2019). The importance of
using reflective practice when working with refugees, asylum seekers and
survivors of torture within IAPT. The Cognitive Behaviour
Therapist, 12, E16. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X19000023
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X19000023
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/importance-of-using-reflective-practice-when-working-with-refugees-asylum-seekers-and-survivors-of-torture-within-iapt/9519C84ADA62B92EFBA479836F74E819
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Brunett, A.E. et al. (2020). Migrations, trauma and mental health: a literature update on
psychological assessment. Encephale, S0013-7006,20, 30120-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.03.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.03.009
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32576365/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013700620301202?via%3Dihub
- Chessell, Z. et al. (2019). A
protocol for managing dissociative symptoms in refugee populations –
CORRIGENDUM. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E48. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X19000345
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X19000345
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/protocol-for-managing-dissociative-symptoms-in-refugee-populations-corrigendum/5BFA1B531F5C014F08AE7AAD51016ED2
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Chessell, Z. et al. (2019). A
protocol for managing dissociative symptoms in refugee populations. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E27. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X19000114
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X19000114
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/protocol-for-managing-dissociative-symptoms-in-refugee-populations/1B09AB58101DF7AD547C6B72AFD5D16F
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Crumlish, N., & O’Rourke, K. (2010). A systematic review of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees and asylum seekers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 237 – 251.
http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/2010/04000/A_Systematic_Review_of_Treatments_for.1.aspx
- D’Ardenne, P., Capuzzo, N., Ruaro, L., & Priebe, S. (2005). One size fits all? Cultural sensitivity in a psychological service for traumatised refugees. Diversity in Health & Social Care, 2, 1.
http://diversityhealthcare.imedpub.com/one-size-fits-all-cultural-sensitivity-in-a-psychological-service-for-traumatised-refugees.php?aid=2596
- D’Ardenne, P., Ruaro, L., Cestari, L., Fakhoury, W., & Priebe, S. (2007). Does interpreted-mediated cognitive behaviour therapy with traumatic refugee people work? Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35, 293 – 301.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465807003645
- de la Rie, S.M. (2020). Feasibility of narrative exposure therapy in an
outpatient day treatment programme for refugees: improvement in symptoms and
global functioning. European Journal of
Psychotraumatology, 11,1. DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1759983
https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1759983
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20008198.2020.1759983
- Drozdek, B., Kamperman, A., Tol, W., Knipscheer, J., & Kleber, R. (2013). Is legal status impacting outcomes of group therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder with male asylum seekers and refugees from Iran & Afghanistan? BioMed Central Psychiatry, 13,148.
http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-148
- Ehntholt, K., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2005). School-based cognitive behavioural therapy group intervention for refugee children who have experienced war-related trauma. Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 10, 2, 235-250.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1359104505051214
- Ehntholt, K.A. & Yule, W. (2006). Assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 12, 1197 – 1210.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17176375
- Farhadi
Langroudi, K., & Skinta, M. (2019). Working with gender and sexual
minorities in the context of Islamic culture: a queer Muslim behavioural
approach. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E21. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X19000096
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X19000096
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/working-with-gender-and-sexual-minorities-in-the-context-of-islamic-culture-a-queer-muslim-behavioural-approach/CE597208000F0861FA7B7A4BD19E83FD
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Gary, J., & Rubin, N.S. (2014). A first person account of the refugee experience: identifying psychosocial stressors and formulating psychological responses. Psychology International, APA.
http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2014/12/global-violence.aspx
- Grech, P. & Grech, R. (2020). A comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy and Non-Trauma-Focused Treatment in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 41,2, 91-101. DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1650853
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01612840.2019.1650853
- Grey, N. & Young, K. (2008). Cognitive behaviour therapy with refugees and asylum seekers experiencing traumatic stress symptoms. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 1, 3 – 19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465807003918
- Haddad, H. (2015). Client case study: Utilising imaginal exposure therapy with multiple traumatic experiences. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/Clin-Ev-Presentation_Heyam-Haddad_Exposure-Techniques_18Nov2015.pdf
- Hijazi, A.M., Lumley, M.A., Ziadni, M.S., Haddad, L., Rapport, L.J. & Arnetz, B.B. (2014). Brief Narrative Exposure Therapy for Post traumatic Stress in Iraqi Refugees: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27,3, 314–322. doi:
10.1002/jts.21922
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080404/
- Hinton, D. E., Hofmann, S. G., Pollack, M. H., & Otto, M. W. (2009). Mechanisms of efficacy of CBT for Cambodian refugees with PTSD: Improvement in emotion regulation and orthostatic blood pressure response. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 15, 255–263. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949. 2009.00100.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00100.x/full
- Hinton, D.E. & Jalal, B. (2014). Guidelines for the implementation of culturally sensitive cognitive behavioural therapy among refugees and in global contexts. Intervention, 12, 1, 78 – 93.
https://www.interventionjournal.com/content/guidelines-implementation-culturally-sensitive-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-among-refugees
https://www.interventionjournal.com/sites/default/files/Hinton%202014%20I%20guidelines%20implementation%20culturally%20sensitive%20CBT.pdf
- Hinton, D. E., Rivera, E. I., Hofmann, S. G., Barlow, D. H., & Otto, M. W. (2012). Adapting CBT for traumatised refugees and ethnic minority patients: Examples from culturally adapted CBT (CA-CBT). Transcultural Psychiatry, 49,2, 340–365. doi:10.1177/1363461512441595.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1363461512441595
- Humphrey, L. (2015). Exposure therapy techniques in the treatment of Complex PTSD. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/Clin-Ev-Presentation_Dr-Leanne-Humphrey_Exposure-Techniques_18Nov2015.pdf
- Jackson, L. C., Schmutzer, P. A., Wenzel, A., & Tyler, J. D. (2006). Applicability of cognitive-behaviour therapy with American-Indian individuals. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43,4, 506–517. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.506
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.506
http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-23019-012
- Jalal, B., Kruger, Q., & Hinton, D. H. (2017). Adaptation of CBT for a Traumatized South African indigenous group (Sepedi): Examples from culturally adapted somatic-focused CBT (CA-CBT). Cognitive and Behavioural Practice.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.07.003
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1077722917300755
- Jalal, B., Samir, W. S., & Hinton, D. E. (2017). Adaptation of CBT for traumatised Egyptians: Examples from culturally adapted CBT (CA-CBT). Cognitive and Behavioural Practice, 24, 58–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.001
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1077722916300049
- Jankowska,
M. (2019). Cultural modifications of cognitive behavioural treatment of social
anxiety among culturally diverse clients: a systematic literature review. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E7. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X18000211
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000211
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/cultural-modifications-of-cognitive-behavioural-treatment-of-social-anxiety-among-culturally-diverse-clients-a-systematic-literature-review/03861CD5BF1335EDD1364D65CB2F9556
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Kada, R. (2019). Cultural
adaptations of CBT for the British Jewish Orthodox community. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E4. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X18000120
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000120
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt-for-the-british-jewish-orthodox-community/6E04E6794651026CF5C7B323B78468F6
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Kananian, S., Ayoughi, S., Farugie, A., Hinton, D. & Stangier, U. (2017). Transdiagnostic culturally adapted CBT with Farsi-speaking refugees: a pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8, Supp 2. 1390362, DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1390362.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20008198.2017.1390362
- Kaminer, D. & Eagle, T. G. (2017). Interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the evidence base. South African Journal of Psychology, 47,1, 7-22.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0081246316646950
- King, D., & Said, G. (2019).
Working with unaccompanied asylum-seeking young people: cultural considerations
and acceptability of a cognitive behavioural group approach. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E11. DOI:10.1017/S1754470X18000260
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000260
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/article/working-with-unaccompanied-asylumseeking-young-people-cultural-considerations-and-acceptability-of-a-cognitive-behavioural-group-approach/9CDBD16736466CA77315DFEF27E89BA8
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-cognitive-behaviour-therapist/special-issues/cultural-adaptations-of-cbt
- Lindegaard,
T. et al (2020). Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for depression
and anxiety among Arabic-speaking individuals in Sweden: a pilot randomized
controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2020.1771414
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16506073.2020.1771414
- Mcpherson, J. (2012). Does Narrative Therapy reduce PTSD in survivors of mass violence? Research on Social Work Practice, 22,1,29-42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731511414147
- Mayuran. S. (2016). No home to go to: Working with a Sri Lankan Tamil asylum seeker who are in the process of deportation. NSW, Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors.
http://www.startts.org.au/media/Clin-Even-Presentation_Asylum-Seekers-Forced-Home_Sivaharani-Mayuran_10Aug2016.pdf
- Miller-Graff, L.E. & Campion, K. (2016). Interventions for Post traumatic Stress with Children Exposed to Violence: Factors Associated with Treatment Success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72, 3, 226-248.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jclp.22238/full
- Mir, G. et al. (2019). Delivering a culturally adapted
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