James is a lecturer in Criminology and Criminal Justice. His main research interests are in the area of international drug policy and strategy. He studied for his PhD at the Midlands Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, Loughborough University. His doctoral work was an historical comparative examination of the effectiveness of strategies to tackle illicit opium production in Asian and Middle Eastern countries; where he has travelled widely.

James is currently undertaking research on the social organasiation of co-offending, with a focus on illicit drug distribution by gangs, and British organised crime. James has also published work on the politics of the criminal justice system in Afghanistan, and on the apparent linkages between illicit drug markets and violent conflict in Pakistan. In 2009, he interned at the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime where he contributed to research on the global amphetamine-type stimulant market.

First year tutor for criminology

Admission tutor for BA in Criminology and Criminal Justice

BA Criminology and Criminal Justice

MSc Terrorism Studies

LAM429: Transnational Organised Crime

CR1000: Criminal Justice Process

 CR2550: Theoretical Criminology

CR1600: Contemporary Issues in Ciminology

CR1200: Youth Justice

Journal articles, book chapters and books

Windle, J (Forthcoming). A very gradual suppression: A history of Turkish opium controls, 1933-1974. Accepted for publication in European Journal of Criminology.

Windle, J. (2013). ‘The 1906-1917 Opium Suppression Intervention: A Crime Against Humanity?’ Advanced online publication International Journal of Drug Policy.

Windle, J. (2013). Turkish opium controls: A case study of successful situational crime prevention. Advanced online publication Security Journal.

Windle, J. (Forthcoming). ‘Drug Prohibition as an Eastern Construct’. Accepted for publication in Journal of Interdisciplinary History.

Windle, J. (2012). ‘Afghanistan, Narcotics and the International Criminal Court: From Port of Spain to Kabul, via Rome’. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. 20, pp. 297-314.

Windle, J. and Farrell, G. (2012). ‘Popping the Balloon Effect: Assessing Drug Law Enforcement in Terms of Displacement, Diffusion and the Containment Hypothesis’. Substance Use and Misuse, 47(8/9), pp. 868-876.

Windle, J. (2012). ‘Illicit Opium Production in Viet Nam: An Introductory Narrative’. Crime, Law and Social Change, 57(4), pp. 425-439.

Windle, J. (2012). ‘Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy: A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan’. Asian Journal of Criminology, Vol. 7(1), pp. 55-74.

Windle, J. (2011). ‘Poppies for Medicine in Afghanistan: Historical Lessons from India and Turkey’. Journal of Asian and African Studies. Vol. 46(6), pp. 663-677.

Windle, J. (2011). ‘Ominous Parallels and Optimistic Differences: Opium in China and Afghanistan’. Law, Crime and History, Vol. 2(1), pp. 141-164.

Windle, J. (2011). ‘Lao People’s Democratic Republic’. In Kleiman, M. and Hawdon, J. (Eds.). Encyclopaedia of Drug Policy. London: Sage (pp. 461-463).

Windle, J. (2011). ‘Iran’. In Kleiman, M. and Hawdon, J. (Eds.). Encyclopaedia of Drug Policy. London: Sage (p. 417-418).

Windle, J. (2011). ‘Pakistan’. In Kleiman, M. and Hawdon, J. (Eds.). Encyclopaedia of Drug Policy. London: Sage (pp. 265-268).

Windle, J. and Farrell, G. (2010).  ‘Criminal Justice in Afghanistan’. Crime and Punishment Around the World. Newman, G. and Chung, D. (Eds.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.

Windle, J. (2009). ‘Pakistan: Far-Right Islamist Militants and the Resurgence in the Illicit Opiates Trade’. Online Journal of Criminology.

Currently under peer review

Windle, J. (Under consideration). A case study of British organised crime. Trends in Organised Crime.

Conferences

Windle, J. (2011). ‘The Necessary Conditions for Successful Opium Suppression’. International Society for Drug Policy Analysis. Ultrecht, The Netherlands. May 23rd 2011.

Windle, J. (2011). ‘Displacement, Diffusion, Deflection and/or Competition in Source Country Drug Control’. 7th North-South Irish Criminology. Sligo, Ireland. June 27th 2011.

Windle, J. (2010). ‘International Human Rights Law, the Prescription to the Failings of International Narcotics Control Laws?’ British Society of Criminology. Leicester, UK. July 12th 2010.

Unpublished reports

Briggs, D. and Windle, J. (2011) Research to define new recommendations for gang reduction strategies in six-London boroughs. London: Olympic Legacy Committee.

Briggs, D. and Windle, J. (2013) Research to examine the dynamics and operations of gangs in Barking and Dagenham Barking and Dagenham Youth Offenders Team.

Member of:

British Society of Criminology;

International Society of the Study of Drug Policy;

SOLON;

International Association for the Study of Organised Crime.

Windle, J. and Farrell, G. (2012). ‘Popping the Balloon Effect: Assessing Drug Law Enforcement in Terms of Displacement, Diffusion and the Containment Hypothesis’. Substance Use and Misuse, 47(8/9), pp. 868-876.

The  ‘balloon effect’ is an often used but rather dismissive representation of the effects of drug law enforcement. It implies a hydraulic displacement model and an impervious illicit drug trade. This essay reviews theoretical and empirical developments in policing and crime prevention. Based on this, ten types of displacement are identified and four arguments developed: (1) Displacement is less extensive and harmful than often contended; (2) Where displacement may occur it preferably should be exploited as a policy tool to delay the illicit drug industry and deflect it to less harmful locations and forms; (3) The opposite of displacement occurs, termed a diffusion of drug control benefits, wherein law enforcement has benefits that extend further than envisaged, and has ten types mirroring those of displacement; (4) The net impact of drug law enforcement is often underestimated, and a containment hypothesis may offer a more accurate framework for evaluation.

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