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Setting out citations – the Harvard way

Part 6: Electronic Resources

Electronic books (e-books)
Journal articles in databases
Articles in individual online journals
Images on the internet
Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards
Virtual learning environments: tutors' notes
Journal articles in a Virtual learning environment
Text extracts from books digitised for use in Virtual learning environments
Computer programs
Web pages with individual authors or organisations
Web pages with no authors

Electronic books (e-books)

Citation order:

Author
Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Name of e-book collection (in italics)
[Online]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example

Burnapp, D. (2009) Getting ahead as an international student. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at: http://www.dawsonera.com (Accessed: 29 July 2010).

In-text Example

International students face many challenges according to Burnapp (2009, pp.29).

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Journal articles in databases

Citation order:

Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Name of database (in italics)
[Online]
Available at: URL of database or persistent link to the article if available on the database
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example 1

Coughlin, E. (2010) 'High schools at a crossroads', Educational Leadership, 67(7), pp. 48-53, Academic Search Complete [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 30 July 2010).

OR

Reference List Example 2

Coughlin, E. (2010) 'High schools at a crossroads', Educational Leadership, 67(7), pp. 48-53, Academic Search Complete [Online]. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48972510&site=ehost-live (Accessed: 30 July 2010).

In-text Example 1 and 2

Coughlin (2010, p.49) shows...

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Articles in individual online journals

Citation order:

Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume, issue or month/season
[Online]
Available at: URL of web page
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example

Iwai, Y. (2010) 'Re-envisioning reading comprehension for English language learners', The Internet TESL Journal, 16(4), [Online]. Available at: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Iwai-Reading.html (Accessed: 21 July 2010).

In-text Example

...whilst Iwai (2010) argued that...

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Images on the internet

Citation order:

Author
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
[Online image]
Title of internet site (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example

Marshall, J. (2000) Cathedral clock [Online image]. Available at: http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/art/art_cathclock.html (Accessed: 23 November 2004).

In-text Example

The detail on the clock face (Marshall, 2000)...

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Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards

Citation order:

Author of message
Year of message (in round brackets)
Subject of the message (in single quotation marks)
Discussion group or bulletin board (in italics)
Date posted: day/month
[Online]
Available email: email address

Reference List Example

Keiser, B. (2004) ' Information literacy and information skills teaching in FE and HE', LIS Information Literacy Group discussion list, 20 May [Online]. Available email: lisinfoliteracy@jiscmail.ac.uk

In-text Example

Information literacy was discussed by Keiser (2004)...

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Virtual learning environments: tutors' notes

Citation order:

Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of item (in single quotation marks)
Name of academic module (in italics)
[Online]
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example

Voela, A. (2008) 'Lecture 7: the culture of narcissism'. Key concepts and debates in Psychosocial Studies [Online]. Available at: http://uelplus.uel.ac.uk (Accessed: 20 July 2010).

In-text Example

Voela (2008) described that...

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Journal articles in a Virtual learning environment

Citation order:

Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume, Issue, Page numbers
Name of academic module (in italics)
[Online]
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example

Simms, J. (2004) ‘Bringing out the Branson’, People management,10(20), p. 36. Strategic marketing [Online]. Available at: http://uelplus.uel.ac.uk (Accessed: 24 November 2005).

In-text Example

Simms (2004, p.36) states...

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Text extracts from books digitised for use in Virtual learning environments

Citation order:

Author
Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
Extract title (in single quotation marks)
in
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher ( if available)
Page numbers of extract
Name of academic module (in italics)
[Online]
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example

Magill, L. (1997) 'Surveillance-free-subjects', in The impact of Michel Foucault on the social sciences and humanities. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 54-77. Individual and society [Online]. Available at: http://uelplus.uel.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 August 2010).

In-text Example

At least one author (Magill, 1997)...

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Computer programs

Citation order:

Author (if given)
Date (if given)
Title of program (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
Version (in round brackets)
[Computer program]
Availability, that is, distibutor, address, order number (if given) OR URL if downloaded from the internet

Reference List Example

Sanders, B. and William, B. (2001) Java In 2 Semesters (Version 2) [Computer program]. Microsoft, New York.

In-text Example

Java (Sanders, 2001) can be used to...

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Web pages with individual authors or organisations

Citation order:

Author
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of internet site (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example 1

Spillius, E. (2006) Psychoanalysis:then and now. Available at: http://www.melanie-Klein-trust.org.uk (Accessed: 27 January 2009).

In -text Reference 1

Spillius (2006) proved that...

Reference List Example 2

NHS Direct (2010) Colds and flu. Available at: https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/en/CheckSymptoms/SATs/coldandflu (Accessed: 10 August 2010).

In-text Reference 2

For advice on colds and flu (NHS Direct, 2010)...

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Web pages with no authors

Citation order:

Title of internet site (in italics)
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

Reference List Example

Palladio's Italian villas (2005) Available at: http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/ ( Accessed: 2 February 2010).

In-text Example

The architecture of Italian villas (Palladio's Italian Villas, 2005)...

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Help & Support

Setting out citations – the Harvard way

Part 6: Electronic Resources

Electronic books (e-books)

In-text Example

Journal articles in databases

In-text Example 1 and 2

Articles in individual online journals

In-text Example

Images on the internet

In-text Example

Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards

In-text Example

Virtual learning environments: tutors' notes

In-text Example

Journal articles in a Virtual learning environment

In-text Example

Text extracts from books digitised for use in Virtual learning environments

In-text Example

Computer programs

In-text Example

Web pages with individual authors or organisations

In -text Reference 1

Reference List Example 2

In-text Reference 2

Web pages with no authors

In-text Example

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