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Setting out citations – the Harvard way

Part 5: Audio and Multimedia

Films on video cassettes

Citation order:

  • Title of film or programme (in italics)
  • Year of distribution (in round brackets)
  • Directed by
  • [Video cassette]
  • Place of distribution: distribution company
Reference List Example

All about Eve (1995) Directed by Joseph L. Mankiewiez [Video cassette]. Los Angeles: Twentieth Century Fox.
In-text Example
When the film arrived in cinemas (All about Eve, 1995)...

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Television programmes

Citation order:

  • Title of programme (in italics)
  • Year of transmission (in round brackets)
  • Name of channel
  • Date of transmission (day/month)

Reference List Example

Coronation Street (2004) ITV1, 25 November.

In-text Example

During the episode (Coronation Street, 2004)...

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Audio cassettes

Citation order:

  • Artist (if available; if not use title in italics first)
  • Year of distribution (in round brackets)
  • Title of recording (in italics)
  • [Audio cassette]
  • Place of publication: publisher

Reference List Example

Buenos: world Spanish (1995) [Audio cassette]. London: BBC Books.
In-text Example

Learning Spanish is relatively easy (Buenos: world Spanish, 1995).

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Films on DVD

Citation order:

  • Title of film (in italics)
  • Year of distribution (in round brackets)
  • Directed by
  • [DVD]
  • Place of distribution: distribution company

Reference List Example

The silence of the lambs (2001) Directed by Jonathan Demme [DVD]. London: MGM Home Entertainment.
In-text Example

In some psychological dramas, for example in The Silence of the Lambs (2001)...

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Prints or slides

Citation order:

  • Photographer
  • Year (in round brackets)
  • Title of photograph (in italics)
  • [Photograph]
  • Place of publication: publisher (if available)

Artist /Photographer Year (in brackets) Title (underline or italicise) Medium [in square brackets] Place of publication: publisher (if available)

Refenece List Example

Hosain, M. (1999) Cameron Diaz [Photograph]. London: Education Image Gallery.
In-text Example

The actress was photographed (Hosain, 1999)...

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